using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection.Metadata;
using System.Threading;

namespace Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A tracking handle for a given region of virtual memory. The Dirty flag is updated whenever any changes are made,
    /// and an action can be performed when the region is read to or written from.
    /// </summary>
    public class RegionHandle : IRegionHandle
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// If more than this number of checks have been performed on a dirty flag since its last reprotect,
        /// then it is dirtied infrequently.
        /// </summary>
        private const int CheckCountForInfrequent = 3;

        /// <summary>
        /// Number of frequent dirty/consume in a row to make this handle volatile.
        /// </summary>
        private const int VolatileThreshold = 5;

        public bool Dirty
        {
            get
            {
                return Bitmap.IsSet(DirtyBit);
            }
            protected set
            {
                Bitmap.Set(DirtyBit, value);
            }
        }

        internal int SequenceNumber { get; set; }
        internal int Id { get; }

        public bool Unmapped { get; private set; }

        public ulong Address { get; }
        public ulong Size { get; }
        public ulong EndAddress { get; }

        public ulong RealAddress { get; }
        public ulong RealSize { get; }
        public ulong RealEndAddress { get; }

        internal IMultiRegionHandle Parent { get; set; }

        private event Action _onDirty;

        private readonly object _preActionLock = new();
        private RegionSignal _preAction; // Action to perform before a read or write. This will block the memory access.
        private PreciseRegionSignal _preciseAction; // Action to perform on a precise read or write.
        private readonly List<VirtualRegion> _regions;
        private readonly MemoryTracking _tracking;
        private bool _disposed;

        private int _checkCount = 0;
        private int _volatileCount = 0;
        private bool _volatile;

        internal MemoryPermission RequiredPermission
        {
            get
            {
                // If this is unmapped, allow reprotecting as RW as it can't be dirtied.
                // This is required for the partial unmap cases where part of the data are still being accessed.
                if (Unmapped)
                {
                    return MemoryPermission.ReadAndWrite;
                }

                if (_preAction != null)
                {
                    return MemoryPermission.None;
                }

                return Dirty ? MemoryPermission.ReadAndWrite : MemoryPermission.Read;
            }
        }

        internal RegionSignal PreAction => _preAction;

        internal ConcurrentBitmap Bitmap;
        internal int DirtyBit;

        /// <summary>
        /// Create a new bitmap backed region handle. The handle is registered with the given tracking object,
        /// and will be notified of any changes to the specified region.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tracking">Tracking object for the target memory block</param>
        /// <param name="address">Virtual address of the region to track</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region to track</param>
        /// <param name="realAddress">The real, unaligned address of the handle</param>
        /// <param name="realSize">The real, unaligned size of the handle</param>
        /// <param name="bitmap">The bitmap the dirty flag for this handle is stored in</param>
        /// <param name="bit">The bit index representing the dirty flag for this handle</param>
        /// <param name="id">Handle ID</param>
        /// <param name="mapped">True if the region handle starts mapped</param>
        internal RegionHandle(
            MemoryTracking tracking,
            ulong address,
            ulong size,
            ulong realAddress,
            ulong realSize,
            ConcurrentBitmap bitmap,
            int bit,
            int id,
            bool mapped = true)
        {
            Bitmap = bitmap;
            DirtyBit = bit;

            Dirty = mapped;

            Id = id;

            Unmapped = !mapped;
            Address = address;
            Size = size;
            EndAddress = address + size;

            RealAddress = realAddress;
            RealSize = realSize;
            RealEndAddress = realAddress + realSize;

            _tracking = tracking;
            _regions = tracking.GetVirtualRegionsForHandle(address, size);
            foreach (var region in _regions)
            {
                region.Handles.Add(this);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Create a new region handle. The handle is registered with the given tracking object,
        /// and will be notified of any changes to the specified region.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="tracking">Tracking object for the target memory block</param>
        /// <param name="address">Virtual address of the region to track</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region to track</param>
        /// <param name="realAddress">The real, unaligned address of the handle</param>
        /// <param name="realSize">The real, unaligned size of the handle</param>
        /// <param name="id">Handle ID</param>
        /// <param name="mapped">True if the region handle starts mapped</param>
        internal RegionHandle(MemoryTracking tracking, ulong address, ulong size, ulong realAddress, ulong realSize, int id, bool mapped = true)
        {
            Bitmap = new ConcurrentBitmap(1, mapped);

            Id = id;

            Unmapped = !mapped;

            Address = address;
            Size = size;
            EndAddress = address + size;

            RealAddress = realAddress;
            RealSize = realSize;
            RealEndAddress = realAddress + realSize;

            _tracking = tracking;
            _regions = tracking.GetVirtualRegionsForHandle(address, size);
            foreach (var region in _regions)
            {
                region.Handles.Add(this);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Replace the bitmap and bit index used to track dirty state.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// The tracking lock should be held when this is called, to ensure neither bitmap is modified.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="bitmap">The bitmap the dirty flag for this handle is stored in</param>
        /// <param name="bit">The bit index representing the dirty flag for this handle</param>
        internal void ReplaceBitmap(ConcurrentBitmap bitmap, int bit)
        {
            // Assumes the tracking lock is held, so nothing else can signal right now.

            var oldBitmap = Bitmap;
            var oldBit = DirtyBit;

            bitmap.Set(bit, Dirty);

            Bitmap = bitmap;
            DirtyBit = bit;

            Dirty |= oldBitmap.IsSet(oldBit);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Clear the volatile state of this handle.
        /// </summary>
        private void ClearVolatile()
        {
            _volatileCount = 0;
            _volatile = false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Check if this handle is dirty, or if it is volatile. (changes very often)
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns>True if the handle is dirty or volatile, false otherwise</returns>
        public bool DirtyOrVolatile()
        {
            _checkCount++;
            return _volatile || Dirty;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Signal that a memory action occurred within this handle's virtual regions.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="address">Address accessed</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region affected in bytes</param>
        /// <param name="write">Whether the region was written to or read</param>
        /// <param name="handleIterable">Reference to the handles being iterated, in case the list needs to be copied</param>
        internal void Signal(ulong address, ulong size, bool write, ref IList<RegionHandle> handleIterable)
        {
            // If this handle was already unmapped (even if just partially),
            // then we have nothing to do until it is mapped again.
            // The pre-action should be still consumed to avoid flushing on remap.
            if (Unmapped)
            {
                Interlocked.Exchange(ref _preAction, null);
                return;
            }

            if (_preAction != null)
            {
                // Limit the range to within this handle.
                ulong maxAddress = Math.Max(address, RealAddress);
                ulong minEndAddress = Math.Min(address + size, RealAddress + RealSize);

                // Copy the handles list in case it changes when we're out of the lock.
                if (handleIterable is List<RegionHandle>)
                {
                    handleIterable = handleIterable.ToArray();
                }

                // Temporarily release the tracking lock while we're running the action.
                Monitor.Exit(_tracking.TrackingLock);

                try
                {
                    lock (_preActionLock)
                    {
                        _preAction?.Invoke(maxAddress, minEndAddress - maxAddress);

                        // The action is removed after it returns, to ensure that the null check above succeeds when
                        // it's still in progress rather than continuing and possibly missing a required data flush.
                        Interlocked.Exchange(ref _preAction, null);
                    }
                }
                finally
                {
                    Monitor.Enter(_tracking.TrackingLock);
                }
            }

            if (write)
            {
                bool oldDirty = Dirty;
                Dirty = true;
                if (!oldDirty)
                {
                    _onDirty?.Invoke();
                }
                Parent?.SignalWrite();
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Signal that a precise memory action occurred within this handle's virtual regions.
        /// If there is no precise action, or the action returns false, the normal signal handler will be called.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="address">Address accessed</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region affected in bytes</param>
        /// <param name="write">Whether the region was written to or read</param>
        /// <param name="handleIterable">Reference to the handles being iterated, in case the list needs to be copied</param>
        /// <returns>True if a precise action was performed and returned true, false otherwise</returns>
        internal bool SignalPrecise(ulong address, ulong size, bool write, ref IList<RegionHandle> handleIterable)
        {
            if (!Unmapped && _preciseAction != null && _preciseAction(address, size, write))
            {
                return true;
            }

            Signal(address, size, write, ref handleIterable);

            return false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Force this handle to be dirty, without reprotecting.
        /// </summary>
        public void ForceDirty()
        {
            Dirty = true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Consume the dirty flag for this handle, and reprotect so it can be set on the next write.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="asDirty">True if the handle should be reprotected as dirty, rather than have it cleared</param>
        /// <param name="consecutiveCheck">True if this reprotect is the result of consecutive dirty checks</param>
        public void Reprotect(bool asDirty, bool consecutiveCheck = false)
        {
            if (_volatile) return;

            Dirty = asDirty;

            bool protectionChanged = false;

            lock (_tracking.TrackingLock)
            {
                foreach (VirtualRegion region in _regions)
                {
                    protectionChanged |= region.UpdateProtection();
                }
            }

            if (!protectionChanged)
            {
                // Counteract the check count being incremented when this handle was forced dirty.
                // It doesn't count for protected write tracking.

                _checkCount--;
            }
            else if (!asDirty)
            {
                if (consecutiveCheck || (_checkCount > 0 && _checkCount < CheckCountForInfrequent))
                {
                    if (++_volatileCount >= VolatileThreshold && _preAction == null)
                    {
                        _volatile = true;
                        return;
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    _volatileCount = 0;
                }

                _checkCount = 0;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Consume the dirty flag for this handle, and reprotect so it can be set on the next write.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="asDirty">True if the handle should be reprotected as dirty, rather than have it cleared</param>
        public void Reprotect(bool asDirty = false)
        {
            Reprotect(asDirty, false);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Register an action to perform when the tracked region is read or written.
        /// The action is automatically removed after it runs.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="action">Action to call on read or write</param>
        public void RegisterAction(RegionSignal action)
        {
            ClearVolatile();

            lock (_preActionLock)
            {
                RegionSignal lastAction = Interlocked.Exchange(ref _preAction, action);

                if (lastAction == null && action != lastAction)
                {
                    lock (_tracking.TrackingLock)
                    {
                        foreach (VirtualRegion region in _regions)
                        {
                            region.UpdateProtection();
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Register an action to perform when a precise access occurs (one with exact address and size).
        /// If the action returns true, read/write tracking are skipped.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="action">Action to call on read or write</param>
        public void RegisterPreciseAction(PreciseRegionSignal action)
        {
            _preciseAction = action;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Register an action to perform when the region is written to.
        /// This action will not be removed when it is called - it is called each time the dirty flag is set.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="action">Action to call on dirty</param>
        public void RegisterDirtyEvent(Action action)
        {
            _onDirty += action;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Add a child virtual region to this handle.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="region">Virtual region to add as a child</param>
        internal void AddChild(VirtualRegion region)
        {
            _regions.Add(region);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Signal that this handle has been mapped or unmapped.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="mapped">True if the handle has been mapped, false if unmapped</param>
        internal void SignalMappingChanged(bool mapped)
        {
            if (Unmapped == mapped)
            {
                Unmapped = !mapped;

                if (Unmapped)
                {
                    ClearVolatile();
                    Dirty = false;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Check if this region overlaps with another.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="address">Base address</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region</param>
        /// <returns>True if overlapping, false otherwise</returns>
        public bool OverlapsWith(ulong address, ulong size)
        {
            return Address < address + size && address < EndAddress;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Determines if this handle's memory range matches another exactly.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="other">The other handle</param>
        /// <returns>True on a match, false otherwise</returns>
        public bool RangeEquals(RegionHandle other)
        {
            return RealAddress == other.RealAddress && RealSize == other.RealSize;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Dispose the handle. Within the tracking lock, this removes references from virtual regions.
        /// </summary>
        public void Dispose()
        {
            ObjectDisposedException.ThrowIf(_disposed, this);

            _disposed = true;

            lock (_tracking.TrackingLock)
            {
                foreach (VirtualRegion region in _regions)
                {
                    region.RemoveHandle(this);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}